Swift uses ARC memory management model.

Retain Cycles Problem: When two objects reference each other, or when capturing in closures may cause a retain cycles.

1. Referencing object increments object’s retain count: For example, lets say we have a Stationery.swift class and Notebook.swift class, and both these classes includes object of one another. Imagine that we have both instances of these classes, in that case retain cycles occur. For solution, we must break the retain cycle by making notebook’s instance to “weak”.

2. Closures: Another example could be about closures, just like how referencing an instance using a property increment its retain count, so does capturing instance in closure.
For example, if we are using a closure to observe a notebook instance whenever its being sold in stationery object, and using the same stationery object within that closure will again cause the retain cycles.